Prehospital Extremity Fracture Management in Low and Middle‐Income Countries: A Scoping Review of Lay First Responders and Traditional Bonesetters

ABSTRACTPurposeLow‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) experience the highest rates of injury‐related deaths globally, exacerbated by a lack of robust emergency medical services (EMS). Though fractures contribute substantially to global injury, little is known about prehospital management of extremity fractures in LMICs.MethodsThis review included literature published between January 2000 and January 2024. Inclusion criteria pertained to prehospital settings, defined as care rendered prior to hospital presentation, including care provided by lay first responders (LFRs), professional EMS personnel, and traditional bonesetters (TBS). Multiple authors used the Newcastle‐Ottawa scale to assess texts meeting inclusion criteria, extracting relevant details for analysis.ResultsOf 1251 articles identified, 25 met inclusion criteria. Studies spanned 9 countries across 4 continents, with 14 articles studying care by TBS, 9 by LFRs, and 2 by other prehospital providers. LFR training courses report a combined weighted average pre‐/post‐course difference of 29.16 percentage points. A total of 67% of included studies report adverse outcomes associated with TBS‐managed fractures in the prehospital setting. TBS care is often sought prior to hospital presentation due to sociocultural beliefs, accessibility, and cheaper costs. Few training courses for TBS have been performed, though one course reports a 20.4% increase in fracture management knowledge.ConclusionIn certain resource‐limited settings, TBS provide most initial fracture management, which may adversely impact outcomes. Knowledge transfer has been demonstrated during prehospital fracture management courses for LFRs and TBS. Early evidence suggests TBS training and integration into healthcare systems may reduce complication rates, improving long‐term outcomes.